AIDS and The Nervous System: A Focus On The AIDS Dementia Complex :: AIDS Disease Diseases Essays

AIDS and The Nervous System A Focus On The AIDS Dementia Complex Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (human immunodeficiency virus), the biological agent of the AIDS syndrome, has emerged as one of the most important threats to public health in the United States and its incidence is rapidly increasing. A highly deadly disease with over 70% of AIDS patients dying within 2 years of diagnosis. This disease has already become the leading deliver of death in men aged 25-44 and women aged 25-34. The Centers for Disease Control have for the purpose of epidemiological surveillance, defined AIDS as a reliably diagnosed disease that is at least moderately indicative of an underlying cellular immunodeficiency in a person who has no underlying power of cellular immunodeficiency nor any other cause of reduced resistance describe to be associated with that disease. 5 The pathophysiology of HIV is indicative of a retrovirus. At the cellular level the most distinct feature of AIDS is th e depletion of the helper-inducer lymphocytes or T-helper cells. The specific antigen CD4 present on these lymphocytes appears to be the target of the AIDS retrovirus. HIV does not usually cause disease as soon as it is acquired and thusly in most cases, has a latency period which may be variable. The ultimate problem in this disease is the progressive immunosuppresslon due to the lack of lymphocytes. The nauseating system is an early and obvious site of disease in AIDS In addition to the opportunistic infections that the defect in cell mediated underground allows, there is neurologic damage directly attributable to the AIDS virus. Dysfunctions of practically all parts of the nervous system have been reported as a direct or indirect result of HIV infection 3. The human immunodeficiency virus directly attacks cells in the nervous system, although it does not cause morphologic injuries to the neurons. It causes disabling, but not necessarily irreversible changes to the brain and sp inal cord. The most common manifestation of this virus is a progressive dementia associated with acute encephalopathy which is a part of the AIDS Dementia Complex. Spinal cord, cranial nerve, and peripheral nerve damage also occur but at a much lower frequency and are less likely to command the overall course or the disease. As more is learned about HIV infection, the effect on the nervous system becomes more apparent. Estimates on the Prevalence of neurologic consequences of AIDS range from 31-65% in adults and 50-90% in children5.

Flight 93 :: essays papers

Flight 93 Flight 93, the flight that crashed near some handle in the outskirts of Pennsylvania. just what was it doing there? What caused the matt to miss its target and crash? These answers may soon be revealed when detectives can finally examine the planes black box, tack just recently. Many answers however can be found through other pieces of info that have come up along the way during the investigations.For instance, the five-fold calls made to family members as well as 911 from the frantic passengers. Mark Bingham for instance called 911, as well as his mom telling her he loved her and that the plane was being hijacked. Another man called 911 screaming that they were being hijacked and that he heard some sort of explosion and saw white smoke coming from the plane. thusly there was Tom Burnett, who called his wife saying the hijackers had already stabbed to death one passenger and that he intended to do something about it. A Jeremy Glick called his relatives sayin g the same, that he and some other passengers were intending to fight the hijackers. These calls brought up the thought that perhaps some passengers on board had fought the hijackers, keeping them from controlling the plane, and sending it crashing to the ground.Another speculation is that the pilot, Jason dahl might have purposefully crashed the plane to prevent the hijackers from taking it over. Or perhaps that Dahl had cut off the planes fuel with out the hijackers being aware. It was give tongue to that the plane looked like it went straight down and that the plane had almost completely disintegrated on impact leaving a hole several feet deep.Another theory was that perhaps the U.S. Military had shot down flight 93 as to prevent it from taking aim at another important government building. But these claims have been sharply denied by Pentagon officials. The FBI says to the question if it has been ruled out or not that it is kind of a loaded question.

pearl harbor :: essays research papers

The U.S. Entering World War II "A date that will live in infamy," (Snyder 33) was what Pre brassnt Franklin Delano Roosevelt called December 7, 1941. It was a calm sunshine morning at Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu. Then two U.S. soldiers saw an oscilloscope signal on their mobile radars. They instanter called this in to their absolute officer but he told them to ignore it because the base was expecting a squadron of friendly B-17s to be coming from the mainland. Thirty minutes later the starting bomb set down and almost killed a courier boy who was trying to deliver a message to Pearl Harbor Naval Base that the Japanese Imperial navy blue was going to attack them. The Japanese bombers caught the base by surprise due to the Americans tradition of not working on Sundays. As the bombs fell, so did all the chances of the united States not joining the Allies in the Second World War that was raging in Europe and the western Pacific. Up to that show the U.S. had just be en accepting the Allies but they werent technically at war with the Axis powers. All throughout the first two years of the war, President Roosevelt focused on devising life difficult for the Japanese. One way he did this was by creating various policies that would deter the Axis powers from being able to maintain the ask necessary to profit war on the Allies. One of these policies was the American financial and economic embargo, which supported China in its fight against Japan. It also, somewhat, forced neutral countries to side with the U.S. because it threatened that if both country would aid one of the Axis countries then that country would no ampleer be given aid packages from the United States. A second polity imposed by Roosevelt was the "moral embargo" of July 1938. This banned neutral countries from exporting Planes and equipment to countries who engaged in the bombing of civilians. This made the U.S. look akin the good guys because they were defend the inno cent people who were being killed just because the lived in a different country. By imposing these policies, the U.S. was disallowing the economic growth of the Axis countries and forcing Them to support themselves, as long as they were against the Allies. These policies were a type of weapon that Roosevelt used in order to attack the enemy without formally declares war.pearl harbor essays search papers The U.S. Entering World War II "A date that will live in infamy," (Snyder 33) was what President Franklin Delano Roosevelt called December 7, 1941. It was a calm Sunday morning at Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu. Then two U.S. soldiers saw an oscilloscope signal on their mobile radars. They immediately called this in to their commanding officer but he told them to ignore it because the base was expecting a squadron of friendly B-17s to be coming from the mainland. Thirty minutes later the first bomb fell and almost killed a courier boy who was trying to deliver a messa ge to Pearl Harbor Naval Base that the Japanese Imperial Navy was going to attack them. The Japanese bombers caught the base by surprise due to the Americans tradition of not working on Sundays. As the bombs fell, so did all the chances of the United States not joining the Allies in the Second World War that was raging in Europe and the western Pacific. Up to that point the U.S. had just been musical accompaniment the Allies but they werent technically at war with the Axis powers. All throughout the first two years of the war, President Roosevelt focused on making life difficult for the Japanese. One way he did this was by creating various policies that would deter the Axis powers from being able to maintain the needs necessary to wage war on the Allies. One of these policies was the American financial and economic embargo, which supported China in its fight against Japan. It also, somewhat, forced neutral countries to side with the U.S. because it threatened that if any country wo uld aid one of the Axis countries then that country would no longer be given aid packages from the United States. A second policy imposed by Roosevelt was the "moral embargo" of July 1938. This banned neutral countries from exporting Planes and equipment to countries who engaged in the bombing of civilians. This made the U.S. look like the good guys because they were protecting the innocent people who were being killed just because the lived in a different country. By imposing these policies, the U.S. was disallowing the economic growth of the Axis countries and forcing Them to support themselves, as long as they were against the Allies. These policies were a type of weapon that Roosevelt used in order to attack the enemy without formally declares war.

Film Noirs Effect on Modern Cinema Essay -- Movies France Films Essay

Film Noirs Effect on Modern CinemaHigh heels click on wet pavement, funny detectives stand in the shadows, shots ring break through through the cold, dark city night-just another moment in film noir. These seedy, almost underground films are considered to be some of the best and most influential pictures in the history of Hollywood by anyones standards, most certainly some of the darkest. Even though the glory eld of film noir have long passed and given way to big budget productions, their influence and effect on the industry can be felt and seen end-to-end the movies of today.The term film noir is a French term literally meaning, black cinema. During the second world struggle occupying Germans would control what pictures the people of France saw, and it was not until after the war that the French got a glimpse of what American cinema had been doing for nearly five years. The first thing they noticed was how dark the films were both literally and figuratively so the name bl ack cinema 1. Critics were shocked to see plot lines focusing on betrayal, murder, and topics thought to be taboo at the time including drug use and rape. These films were indeed subversive in their time, pushing the limits of what was thought to be acceptable on a motion picture screen in America during the 1940?s and 1950?s.There impart be more detail on the plot lines of film noir, as well as examples. But for now, let us focus on the unforgettable characters introduced to the viewing public through the dark lens of a noir camera. The most prevalent was often the hard boiled detective or private eye, eer a male he was considered to be an anti-hero because he was himself no angel and was often corrupt somehow (the most common example was fall... ... and there. However, it is allowed to come out of the shadows as the classic movies have an enormous following of fans and students wanting to study them and the techniques used to bring them such unique life. No matter what though, these films will neer go away so long as there is a wet side street with high heels clicking down it, with the echo of a far-off off gunshot somewhere in the cold dark night. Works CitedMiklitsch, Robert. ?A Panorama of American Film Noir, 1941-1953?. Film Quarterly, Berkeley Summer 2004. http//proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=3&did Dirks, Tim. ?The greatest Films-Film Noir?. http//www.filmsite.org/filmnoir.html No author. ?The Internet Movie Database- The Matlese Falcon/Cape Fear/Double Indemnity http//www.imdb.com Dirks, Tim. ?Review- Blade Runner (1982).? http//www.filmsite.org/blad.html

Leonardo Da Vinca :: Essays Papers

da Vinci Da genus VincaThe illegitimate son of a 25-year-old notary, Ser Piero, and peasant girl, Caterina, Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy, middling outside Florence. His father took custody of the little fellow shortly after his birth, while his mother married some unity else and moved to a neighboring town. They unplowed on having kids, although not with each other, and they eventually supplied him with a tot up of 17 half sisters and brothers. Growing up in his fathers Vinci home, Leonardo had access to scholarly texts own by family and friends. He was also exposed to Vincis longstanding pictorial matter tradition, and when he was about 15 his father apprenticed him to the renowned workshop of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence. crimson as an apprentice, Leonardo demonstrated his colossal talent. Indeed, his genius seems to study seeped into a number of pieces produced by the Verrocchios workshop from the period 1470 to 1475. Leonardo got his start as an creative person around 1469. Verocchios specialty was perspective, which artists had barely recently begun to get the string of, and Leonardo quickly mastered its challenges. In fact, Leonardo quickly surpassed Verocchio, and by the time he was in his early twenties he was downright famous. For example, one of Leonardos first big breaks was to paint an angel in Verrochios Baptism of Christ, and Leonardo was so much demote than his masters that Verrochio allegedly resolved never to paint again. Leonardo stayed in the Verrocchio workshop until 1477 when he set up a shingle for himself. In search of smart challenges and the big bucks, he entered the service of the Duke of Milan in 1482, abandoning his first thrill in Florence, The Adoration of the Magi. He spent 17 years in Milan, leaving only after Duke Ludovico Sforzas fall from power in 1499. It was during these years that Leonardo hit his stride, reaching new heights of scientific and artistic achievement. One of his most un iversal early works, The Adoration of the Magi, was painted in 1481 for the Monastery of San Donato a Scopeto as an altar piece. It was never finished due to his departure for Milan, where he offered his services to Duke Ludovico il Moro. He worked on the Duomo in Milan and the Duomo and Castle in pavia and painted the bloody shame of the Rocks and the Last Supper at this time.Leonardo Da Vinca Essays PapersLeonardo Da VincaThe illegitimate son of a 25-year-old notary, Ser Piero, and peasant girl, Caterina, Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy, just outside Florence. His father took custody of the little fellow shortly after his birth, while his mother married someone else and moved to a neighboring town. They kept on having kids, although not with each other, and they eventually supplied him with a total of 17 half sisters and brothers. Growing up in his fathers Vinci home, Leonardo had access to scholarly texts owned by family and friends. He was also exposed to Vincis longstanding painting tradition, and when he was about 15 his father apprenticed him to the renowned workshop of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence. Even as an apprentice, Leonardo demonstrated his colossal talent. Indeed, his genius seems to have seeped into a number of pieces produced by the Verrocchios workshop from the period 1470 to 1475. Leonardo got his start as an artist around 1469. Verocchios specialty was perspective, which artists had only recently begun to get the hang of, and Leonardo quickly mastered its challenges. In fact, Leonardo quickly surpassed Verocchio, and by the time he was in his early twenties he was downright famous. For example, one of Leonardos first big breaks was to paint an angel in Verrochios Baptism of Christ, and Leonardo was so much better than his masters that Verrochio allegedly resolved never to paint again. Leonardo stayed in the Verrocchio workshop until 1477 when he set up a shingle for himself. In search of new challenges and the bi g bucks, he entered the service of the Duke of Milan in 1482, abandoning his first commission in Florence, The Adoration of the Magi. He spent 17 years in Milan, leaving only after Duke Ludovico Sforzas fall from power in 1499. It was during these years that Leonardo hit his stride, reaching new heights of scientific and artistic achievement. One of his most popular early works, The Adoration of the Magi, was painted in 1481 for the Monastery of San Donato a Scopeto as an altar piece. It was never finished due to his departure for Milan, where he offered his services to Duke Ludovico il Moro. He worked on the Duomo in Milan and the Duomo and Castle in pavia and painted the Madonna of the Rocks and the Last Supper at this time.

The Character of Enorbarbus in William Shakespeares Antony and Cleopat

The Character of Enorbarbus in William Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra Enobarbuss character can be seen as the most striking invention of Shakespeare. As the lieutenant of Antony, he contributes to the drama in a number of ways. He is sympathetic to Antony from the start, loyal and fellow feeling. or else of agreeing with Antony at the beginning where he says he wishes he had never met Cleopatra, Enobarbus replies that, had that been the case, Antony would have missed a wonderful piece of work. (I.2.154-5). He does not bundle the perspective of his fellow Roman soldiers Philo and Demetrius in the opening scene, in fact he seems to enjoy life in Egypt contributing with appreciative comments on Cleopatra. date cannot wither her, nor custom stale her infinite variety. (149 II.2.245) When Antony says of Cleopatra, She is cunning past mans thought, Enobarbus disagrees, Alack, sir, no her passions are made of/ nothing but the finest originate of pure love (I.2.146-8). In their conversations at the beginning and in his role throughout, Enobarbus seems to represent an ordinary reflection of something in Antony himself, as in a mirror. His pettishness in response to the announcement of Fulvias death, anticipate the jovial side of Antony that will manifest itself in the galley scene. Before the triumvirs meet, the diplomatic Lepidus tries to persuade Enobarbus to watch Antony calm. Enobarbus however refuses saying that he much prefers that Antony should speak his mind. He reminds Antony and Caesar that there will be time enough to quarrel after they have prone of Pompey. To Antonys criticize, Thou art a soldier onl... ...ssenger. In a soliloquy Now hell outstare the lightning (III.13.194-200) he sees through Antonys erect rhetoric and comes to his decision to leave Antony. As Antony addresses his servants as if for the last time, Enobarbus protests that he is onion-eyed (IV.2.35). Antonys reaction to his desertion, O, my fortunes have Corrupted honest men (IV.2.35) and his decision to rouse his treasure to him confirm all that is said of Antonys bounty. The guilt felt by Enobarbus and his subsequent depression and loss of will are clear shown. No honourable trust. I have done ill, of which I do accuse myself (239.IV.35) But his death in mental torment and the consciousness of drop off are proof of the fact that Antonys fortunes have/ Corrupted honest men give a wider dimension to the tragedy of the protagonists.

The Character of Enorbarbus in William Shakespeares Antony and Cleopat

The Character of Enorbarbus in William Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra Enobarbuss character can be seen as the most striking invention of Shakespeare. As the lieutenant of Antony, he contributes to the gaming in a number of ways. He is sympathetic to Antony from the start, loyal and fellow feeling. Instead of agreeing with Antony at the beginning where he says he wishes he had never met Cleopatra, Enobarbus replies that, had that been the case, Antony would ask missed a wonderful piece of work. (I.2.154-5). He does not share the perspective of his fellow Ro man soldiers Philo and Demetrius in the opening scene, in occurrence he seems to enjoy life in Egypt contributing with appreciative comments on Cleopatra. Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale her infinite variety. (149 II.2.245) When Antony says of Cleopatra, She is cunning past mans thought, Enobarbus disagrees, Alack, sir, no her passions are made of/ nothing but the finest part of pure love (I.2.146-8). In their conversations at the beginning and in his social function throughout, Enobarbus seems to represent an ordinary reflection of something in Antony himself, as in a mirror. His humour in response to the announcement of Fulvias death, anticipate the jovial boldness of Antony that will manifest itself in the galley scene. Before the triumvirs meet, the diplomatic Lepidus tries to persuade Enobarbus to keep Antony calm. Enobarbus however refuses saying that he much prefers that Antony should speak his mind. He reminds Antony and Caesar that thither will be time enough to quarrel after they have disposed of Pompey. To Antonys criticize, Thou art a soldier onl... ...ssenger. In a soliloquy Now hell outstare the lightning (III.13.194-200) he sees through Antonys bombastic rhetoric and comes to his decision to leave Antony. As Antony addresses his servants as if for the last time, Enobarbus protests that he is onion-eyed (IV.2.35). A ntonys reaction to his desertion, O, my fortunes have Corrupted trustworthy men (IV.2.35) and his decision to send his treasure to him confirm all that is said of Antonys bounty. The viciousness felt by Enobarbus and his subsequent depression and loss of will are clearly shown. No honourable trust. I have done ill, of which I do accuse myself (239.IV.35) But his death in mental torment and the consciousness of disgrace are proof of the fact that Antonys fortunes have/ Corrupted honest men give a wider dimension to the tragedy of the protagonists.

Explain How the Understanding of Peace Is Expressed Through the Sacred Texts in 2 Religious Traditions Essay

By looking into their sacred texts and teachings on tranquillity, we potbelly gain a valuable cortical potential into how these religions explain peace. The teaching of peace is central to Christianity. They use the sacred text of the bible, mostly the New Testament with emphasis on the Gospels as the obtain for teachings on peace. The New Testament asserts peace as a virtue and identifies it as a key element of God. Christians use savior example to instance the musical themel model for peace in their lives.This model totallyows for aids to understand the peace of God by means of the gift of the Holy Spirit and peace in relationships whereby Christians atomic number 18 expected to work in harmony with others in order to achieve peace As well as this the teaching on war and peace love your neighbour as yourself. (Matthew) and the teaching on peace and justice are both exemplified by Pope John XXIIIs tactile sensation that there end only be peace if there is justice. The Christian teaching on peace revolves around the covenant relationship between the adherent and God.This peace is given by Christ and is shown in the sacred texts of the New Testament My peace I leave with you, and is described as one of the fruits with the spirit. (Galatians). rescuer tells his followers that in me you may have peace, (John) suggesting that the concept of spiritual peace is embodied in the teachings of Jesus Christ. The importance of peace is clear in the Beatitudes were Jesus stated blessed are the pure in snapper, for they shall see God. Christians believe that through baptism they have been called to follow Jesus as their model in life sentence.By following his example, Christians acquire peace by obeying the commands of Jesus and therefore the principle teachings of Christianity You must love your neighbour as you love yourself. The bible states that Christians can achieve peace through the specific teaching of Jesus to forgive those who have wronged you. I f he wrongs youyou must forgive him. (Luke). Forgiveness and compassion is at the heart of the Bibles message. Further to this, Christians can achieve peace through their practice of individual and communal prayer.The Christian biblical view on peace is one that demonstrates the idea that they should work for it. Through the beatitudes, Christians are encouraged to be the peacemakers in society. Blessed are the peacemakers for they will be called the children of God. Further to this, Christians believe in the sanctity of life through the covenant of the 10 commandments which state Thou shall not kill. Peace is work of justice and the effect of charity. In the case of conflict, Christians resort to the idea of ferocity being a last resort and refer to the Just War theory in order to determine whether conflict is applicable.The bible teaches adherents to promote peace on an international level, aiming to work for peace, justice and reconciliation. Islam like Christianity was a re ligion founded on the virtue of peace. Islam is referred to in the Quran as the paths of peace and it is taught that peace must invariably be actively sought out by Muslims. The Quran sees reconciliation as a basic stance and states that Allah abhors the disturbance of peace. Muslims too believe that there can only be peace if there is justice.In Islam, peace takes a variety of forms. It is seen as a quality of personal tranquillity and fulfilment bestowed by Allah to reward submission. This surrender of mental and physiological devotion begins with the concept of Dhikr, the remembrance of Allah in all aspects of Muslim life. The Quran states that In remembrance of God do black Maria fins satisfaction. This concept is embodied by the 5 pillars of Islam. Through the Salat, attention is drawn to Allah, marginalising distraction in order to devote more fully to the divine.Sawm and Zakat illustrate physical sacrifices for Islam which allows the adherent to appreciate Allahs role as of life. The Hajj focuses on morality by allowing the adherent o come closer to Allah in their individual search of inner peace. Along with this, the study of the sacred texts of Islam, the Quran and Hadith equips adherents with necessary theological understanding for a meaningful life of submission which in pass brings peace. This study allows Muslims to understand peace being a reward for following the teachings of Allah and his prophet Mohammad. Peace be upon you because you have persevered. Another concept of achieving peace is through collective worship. It encourages commitment in the struggle against the greater Jihad. Like Christianity, Islam encourages adherents to strive for peace. Both typify the complex relationship between religion and peace. The standard recognise to another person in Arabic is As-Salamu-Alaykum (Peace be with you) (Quran), which encourages Muslims to Promote peace among men. (Sura). There are various organisations in Islam that promote peace.E. g. The Islamic Conference which promotes realism peace and safeguards the interest of the Muslim world. The understanding of peace throughout both Christianity and Islam has been influenced by their sacred texts. It is ultimately through the interpretation of these texts that adherents learn the values of peace. They all demonstrate that peace is not merely the absence of conflict, but is also a complex intertwined system of teachings and that there are various avenues to achieving the ideal state of peace.

Flash Fiction and Prose Essay

Surprise endings are tricky. They either work or they dont people are either captivated or dubiously disappointed. I must confess that The direct and Dinner Time were both extremely strange and vaguely unenjoyable for me. School was quite depressing and brocaded quite a bit of questions when does bad luck become just bad? How were the deaths uniform and consistent in plants, animals, and even people? Was there thusly something wrong with the school itself? Or was their a saboteur?I believe the root of the problem was too many questions and not enough answered. On vellicate of that the ending was a walking gerbil which is just odd. The language, depth and vocabulary of the students change all of a sudden and the principal displays public affection with other teacher. As a result the story conveys an unsettling and even worrying atmosphere where children go to learn the larner gets the sense that the children may not be all in all safe, but from what is still entirely unknown.Simi larly, Dinner Time could conceivably be a Mad TV skit or a scene behind a schizophrenics eyes. Im not sure if this bizarre husband and wife team was masochistic, psychopathic, or just plain insane. There is a great deal of anger, frustration and unnecessary pain that I quite simply did not understand. I could not comprehend how this dinner could have presented itself in Edsons head. Truly, it is nothing but puzzling, and the ending is rather a relief the reader can finally stop being confused.Conversely, A Story some the Body and Sleeping engages the reader by presenting a picture everyone has been in babysitter (or babysat) and desire, or in its basest form, human connection. Body was the shortest piece we had to read and also managed to convey nearly the most information of all of them. A man desires a cleaning lady because of her expression through art, her dancers gracility and her captivating eyes. But upon hearing of her loss, he at least is able to keep eye contact when he tells her the truth.The reader immediately experiences two different sets of emotions pity for the woman with graceful hands of art, and a reluctant empathy with the man who changed his mind. It wouldve been an undeniably unnerving experience for him and any man, making love to a woman without what some consider is part of the essence of a woman, no matter how much in love with her he thought himself to be. But then he and the reader are presented with an ending in the form of a gift a small blue bowl filled with water, rose petals and dead bees.I was completely ignorant of what this might mean and so did brief research on the symbolism of bees and found that the bee has most often been used to represent the soul. I do not know if that is what Hass implied or even intended but it seems to fit best here. Perhaps it is a metaphor for her own body lovely on the outside (with clothes), damaged on the inside, but still whole still a woman (naked). Not only was this woman sending him a message, but she was also giving him part of what attracted him to her in the first place her art.The reader is likewise quickly intrigued in Sleeping, even downright curious as to why Mrs. Winter prevents the hired babysitter from ever confirming the existence of the baby. Is the baby alright? Is it breathing? Does this alleged baby even exist? Whereas School raised disturbing questions about the safety of mass amounts of children, Sleeping raises thoughts of intrigue, deception, and old fashioned mystery. And the ending is not surprising so much as it only when drives the reader to a hunger to know what exactly Mrs. Winters keeps in the baby room. And no Mr. Winter, we do not understand.

Hamlet a Domestic Play or a Commentary on Power Politics Essay

In the early 1600s, the time that small t deliver was written, the themes of agent authorities related to the home(prenominal) would have been far more relevant to the audience as at this time, these two themes intertwined particularly within the monarchy which is hereditary meaning that the power comes from family. A recognize this link is demonstrated by James Is 1603 speech to Parliament where he stated that he was the Husband and the whole isle his lawful wife showing the domestic view of many political relations and also the idea of James I as a preserve ruling over his country which was his wife.This also brings in another theme of power plays in Hamlet being demonstrated by patriarchal dominance, such as the power Polonius has over Ophelia. We also see the power of men on their families as a whole and how characters us their family links and loyalties to gain power. end-to-end Hamlet we see a number of sons avenging their dumbfounds deaths, including old and young For tinbras, Laertes and Polonius and old and young Hamlet.These draw attention to the domestic tragedy element of Hamlet and as to whether Hamlet seeks revenge for his fathers death due to his love for his father or because of his duty to him and the power Old Hamlets touch sensation has over Hamlet. When we see Hamlet speaking to the Ghost of Old Hamlet, it seems to be a close relationship with Old Hamlet expressing concerns for his son, stating taint not the question suggesting that Hamlet should not allow the act of revenge to taint his morality.This is a bizarre ask from Old Hamlet as murder will doubtless affect Hamlets sense of morality. However, within their conversation, Hamlets obligation to vindicate his father is also made apparent by the tracing himself who tells Hamlet that after hearing what he has to say, Hamlet will be bound to revenge. The word bound shows how Hamlets father expects Hamlet to avenge him and believes this is what he should do, showing Old Hamlets p ower over his son as this is what he eventually does.We also see Old Hamlets dominance in a number of other ways including the fact that he dominates the conversation and his physical dominance as he has been depict as a valiant man who smote his rivals, which contrasts to what we see of Hamlet, who is a scholar relying more upon his brain than his ability to fight. This dominance is finally shown when Hamlet is warned not to go with the ghost but ignores his friends advice and states that he will follow it.We also see the power of the father in the relationship between Polonius and his two childrea Laertes and Ophelia. We see Polonius notice his children how to behave and to give thy thoughts no tongue, and yet, ironically, Polonius appears to have a compulsive need throughout the play, giving out a large amount of slopped advice and opinions. To add to this irony, Polonius tells them to thine own self be true, as all he does is advise and tell people how to behave, this works t o somewhat ridicule Polonius skills as an advisor.However, Ophelia must still listen to him as in the 17th century, the daughter was effectively the property of the father until she was married and thus must accept what her father said, as seen when Ophelia says, I shall obey, my lord. This obedience opens up Ophelia to be used as a political pawn by Polonius in his own efforts to gain favour and thus power with the King. This manipulation of Ophelia by Polonius suggests that Shakespeares play is a commentary of power politics as it infers much about the reincarnation court and its workings, criticising it.Furthermore, we see the male dominance that Laertes has over his sister, Ophelia, however, unlike Polonius, he does not seem to use this to his advantage or to gain power. He warns Ophelia away(p) from Hamlet as on his choice depends the safety and health of this whole state. At this time, powerful families commonly used marriage as a bureau of forging tactical, political or soc ial allegiences, once again linking the personal to the political.However, while Laertes has power over Ophelia, it doesnt appear to be for his own advantage as it is the case with Polonius, thus suggesting that his concerns are genuine and out of love for his sister. As a result, it strengthens the interpretation of Hamlet as a domestic tragedy. To conclude, I believe that in many of the relationships in Hamlet, there is a mix of power politics and domesticity with characters using their families as a means of gaining power or using their power to get what they want. All of these contribute to making the line between power plays and domestic relationships more unclear.

Private military contractors Essay

Introduction Private force contractors, too known as backstage warranter contractors provide a number of different services for the UN multitude in Iraq. Various services include the preparation of meals, navigating army supply vehicles, military training and surety for US officials. Some private military contractors also provide interrogation and translating services for the US military.Contractors providing this service in particualr have been hazard of a number of human rights abuses at the Abu Ghraid Prison. Other activities by private military contractors have raised issues about humanitarian conerns and the abuse of womrens rights. there argon currently at least 100 private military contractors in Iraq.1 This discussion looks at the unique role of private military companies in Iraq and examines their impact on the rights of women.Private army Companies in Iraq The US military and the State Department spends billions of dollars on private security contractors in Iraq.2 These contractors according to the chapiter Post beOut of public view, have been engaged in a parallel surge, boosting manpower, adding expensive armor and stepping up evasive action as attacks increase.3 The primary goal is to offset chronic troop shortage and the number of invidual contractors are between 20,000 and 30,000.4 David Isenberg in a piece by the British Ameri goat Security Information Council published on September 4, 2004 maintains that it is impossible to accurately account for the number of private military companies currently in Iraq. This is because only PMCs whose contracts exceed $50 million are required to be reported to Congress.5 Isenberg complains that the level-headed status of private military companies is especially problematic since there is no real provision in International law to account for their role and definition.6 While many view the private military personnel office department as mercenaries, they do non fit the definition of mercenry w ithin the meaning of the Geneva Convention.7 word 47 describes a mercenary as an idividual who takes part in military chip and is non a national andis motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by the desire for private gain and, in fact, is promised, by or on behalf of a Party to the conflict, material compensation substantially in excess of that promised or paid to combatants of similar ranks and functions in the armed forces of that Party.8 crowd Conachy however, refers to these private military personnel as modern-day mercenaries.9 Conachy aligns their somatogenetic presence with their abstract presence. While they are by and gigantic not subjected to transparency and legal accountability in the traditional sense they operate out of uniform and from unmarked vehicles.10 They go about their business in this manner season manning roadblocks, or stalking outstide building, with machine guns.11 As a result, the private militaray presence in Iraq has become an ubiqu itous and offensive symbol of the US occupation.12 Conachy maintains that the need for private military presence in Iraq is obviated by the bredth of US military deployment overseas following the September 11 terrorist attacks. Without the use of private military companies the US would be compelled to intrust more troops to Iraq from an already depleted armed force or would have to seriously consider reviving the military draft.13 It is obvious from this assessment of the maven purpose of the private military that distinguishes them from the Article 47 definition of mercenary. Mercenaries are not aligned to a paritcular party and obviously the private military contractors are aligned to the US and are used to facilitate the US militarys shortfall. The following description of private military duties takes them well outside of Article 47s definition of mercenaryFar more than in any other conflict in United States history, the Pentagon is relying on private security companies to per form crucial jobs once entrusted to the military.14It is clear that private military companies are not in actual combat. Mercernaries, according to the Geneva Convetions are actively struggle .Human Rights Concern and Women In an article published in the Guardian, Luke Harding explains that the full extent of abuse toward women by all sectors of the military in Iraq will not be fully known. This is primarily because Islamic women rarely discuss violations of a sexual nature. Rape, Harding maintains is a symbol of shame in the muslim world and victims can be killed to salvage family honour.15 The most shocking fortuitys of abusive treatment of women originate from the Abu Ghraib jail which was primarily manned by private military personnel.16 Accroding to Patrap Chatterjee the private militarys role at the Abu Ghraib jail was one of interrogation which brought them into more frequent contact with the prisoners than other jail personnel.17 The International Committee of the Red emb race reported that in October 2003 there were approximately thirty distaff prisoners in the Abu Ghraib jail.18 According to prison personnel, that number was reduced to five by whitethorn of 2004.19 The Internation confederation for Peace and Freedom had documented some eye witness accounts of abuse at the Abu Ghraid jail. One such account was given to Iman Khamas who heads the International Occupation contain Center, a private organization that collects anti-human rights information. The account came from a former prisoner who told Khamas of a rape incident at the jail. Khamas reports that the prisoner recalls that the prisoner said her cellmate had been rendered unconscious for 48 hours. She claimed she had been attack 17 snips in one day by Iraki police in the presence of American soldiers.20 Another report originated from Mohammed Daham al-Mohammed who heads an Iraqi group, the Union of Detainees and Prisoners. According to a-Mohammed he was informed of a mother of four wh o had been arrested in December of 2003 and killed herself after being raped by US guards who forced her husband to watch while incarcerated at the Abu Ghraib jail.21 According to the womans baby the rape victim moveted suicide.22 The victim had told her sister of incidents of physical abuse outside of the rape. In one account she recalled a American male pulling her by the hair and forcing her to look at her husband while the American took off her clothing. After this incident the rape took place. Once released, the woman was afraid to face her husband since he had witnessed the rape and asked her sister to help her commit suicide.23 A former male prisoner reported incidents where women were constantly removed from their cells to private rooms. The prisoner explainsThey had to pass in front of our tent and cried out, Find a way to kill us.24Human Rights groups explain that rape for a Muslim woman shames the entire family which is why these women would rather die having suffered a rape.25 Khamas recalls an incident in which she visited a woman at the Abu Ghraid jail and a female prisoner told her about a rape, but whispered in her ear condescension the fact that no one else was present.26 Khamas, Mohommed and Hoda Nuaimi, a professor in politics at Baghdad University report thatthree young rural women from the Sunni Muslim share of Al-Anbar, west of Baghdad, had been killed by their families after coming out of Abu Ghraib pregnant.Nuaimi said that in the case of another such woman, who was four months pregnant, her brother had been reluctant to kill his sister because he considered her a victim.27 Luke Harding reports that the first information about abuse of female victims at the Abu Ghraib jail, a US facility first came to light by a note smuggled out of the prison by a female prisoner.28 In the note the woman claimed that women were being raped by US personnel and many of them had become pregnant. The note also begged the Iraqis to bomb the jail to spare the women further shame.29 Swadi, a female lawyer among seven representing the female detainees indicated that the abuse was not limited to the Abu Ghraib jail and was happening all over Iraq.30 The shame associated with rape and the consequence for family disgrace were evident in the following account from a female prisoner at al-Kharkh, a US military baseShe was the only woman who would talk about her case. She was crying. She told us she had been rapedSeveral American soldiers had raped her. She had tried to fight them off and they had hurt her arm. She showed us the stitches. She told us, We have daughters and husbands. For Gods sake dont tell anyone about this.31 Luke Harding also reports that an investigation conducted by the US Military which was headed by Major General Antonio Taguba confirmed the contents of the note smuggled out of the Abu Ghraib facility. more(prenominal)over, digital photographs, according to Tajubas findings also depitcted US personnel engaging in sex ual contact with and Iraqi woman.32 Tajubas investigation also found videotapes of nude female prisoners.33 There are additional photographs of Iraqi women being forced at gun point to bare their breasts.34 While these photographs have been relased to Congress they have not been released to the public.35 In May of 2004an Iraqi woman in her 70s had been harnessed and ridden like a donkey at Abu Ghraib and another coalition detention centre after being arrested tolerate July.36UK Labor Member of Parliament Ann Clwyd investigated the incident and confirmed that it was in fact true. The Iraqi elderly woman had been held without charge for at least three weeks during which time she was told that she was a donkey.37 Luke Harding explains the devastating consequences for female rape victims which only accentuates the abuse involved. According to HardingHonour killings are not unusual in Islamic society, where rape is very much equated with shame and where the stigma of being raped by an American soldier would, according to one Islamic cleric, be unbearable. The prospects for rape victims in Iraq are grave it is hardly surprising that no women have so far come forward to talk about their experiences in US-run jails where abuse was rife until earliest January.38 At the time of writing, Harding describes another incident of physical and mental abuse agianst female detainees in Iraq in which the private military personnel are activiely involved. tail fin women, according to Harding were being held in solitary confinement in cells measuring just 2.5 meters in length and 1.5 meters in width at Abu Ghraib.39 Captain Dave Quantock who was and so in charge of the prisoners at Abu Ghraib told journalists that all female prisoners at Abu Ghraib are kept in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day.40 The only delight the women are allowed is access to the Koran.41 Mystery surrounds the grounds upon which the five females in solitary confinement are held. The general term use d is that they are held as security detainees.42 Swabi maintains that these women are being held for who they were married to and their potential intelligence value.43 Be that as it may, the degree of abusse cannot be justified. Under both US and International laws the cruel and barbaric treatement of prisoners at anytime is unlawful. International humanitarian laws contained in the Geneva Conventions 1949 of which the United States ratified since 1955 requires that during times of war and peace all prisoners are to be treated humanly.44 More over the Geneva Convention IV specifically prohibits rape and indecent assault on women. Article 27 provides as followsWomen shall be especially saved against any attack on their honour, in particular against rape, enforced prostitutiOn, or any form of indecent assault.45 Judicth Gail Gardam and Hillary Charlesworth argue that women have always been at fortune of furiousness in armed conflict. Although the emphasis has always been on sexual violence there have been other forms of violence against women. Gardam and Charlesworth note that the 1995 Beijing syllabus for Action called for governments worldwide to map out plans for combattingthe effects of armed or other kind of conflict on women, including those living under foreign occupation.46The Iraqi conflict and occupation and the violence against women is therefore nothing new. What is perhaps more surprising is the fact that it could happen in light of international laws and attention to violence against women in the past.Conclusion An irony arises out of these reports. The US invasion has been called operation Iraqi freedom which presupposes a vastly humanitarian effort. Yet in the track of fighting for Iraqi freedom, those sent to fight for the cause have added to the problem. Roger Normand alleges that the US personnel in Iraq areviolating almost every law intended to defend civilians living under foreign military occupation.47While many of these crimes are be ing committed by private military companies, the world at large and the Iraqi populace draw no distinction between the US soldiers and the security companies employed by them to help the cause.The private military and security personnel are agents of the US government and as such the US government is vicariosuly liable for the misconduct of the private miliatary contractors. As long as they are permitted to compensate working with and for the military and as long as they continue to violate international law particularly article 27 of the fourth Geneva Convention, the US must take responsibility for the ills committed by them. They cannot take the benefit without the burden.BibliographyCenter for Economic and Social Rights.(n.d.) New Report Documents Extensive U.S. War Crimes In Iraq. Available online at http//www.ccmep.org/2004_articles/iraq/061104_CESR.htm Retrieved December 11 2007Chatterjee, Pratap. (May 12, 2004) Private Contractors and Torture at Abu Ghraib, Iraq. Democracy N ow. Available online at http//www.democracynow.org/2004/5/12/private_contractors_and_torture_at_abu Retrieved December 11, 2007Conachy, Jamers. (May 3, 2004) Private Military Companies in Iraq Profiting from Colonialism.International committee of the Fourth Amendment. Available online at http//www.wsws.org/articles/2004/may2004/pmcs-m03.shtml Retrienved December 11, 2007Fainaru, Steve. (June 16, 2007) Iraq Contractors Face Growing Parallel War As Security Work Increase, So do Casualties. Washington PostGardam, Judith, Gail and Charlesworth, Hillary. (Feb. 2000) Protection of Women in Armed Conflict. Human Rights Quarterly Vol. 22 No. 1 pp 148-166Geneva ConventionHarding, Luke. (May 12, 2004) decoct Shifts to Jail Abuse of Women. The Guardian.Harding, Luke. (May 20, 2004) Rape in Iraq The other prisoners. The Guardian.Isenberg, David. (Sept. 4, 2004) A Fistful of Contractors A Case For a Pragmatic Assessment of Private Military Companies in Iraq. British American Security Informatio n Council, Research Report.Kabbara, Rouba. (May, 29, 2004) Human Rights Groups Iraqi Women Raoed at Abu Ghraib Jail. Peace Women Available online at http//www.peacewomen.org/news/Iraq/May04/Women%20in%20Prison.html Retrieved Deember 10 2007

Mrs Bennet’s character in ‘Pride and Prejudice’ Essay

Analyse Mrs white avenss contribution in Pride and Prejudice, by looking closely at her attitude and behaviour. Comment on what you think Mr Darcy and Elizabeth think of her, as well as your own views.She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. Mrs bennet, the mother of louver girls Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty and Lydia, most resembles her youngest daughter, Lydia a shallow and flirtatious girl. Similarly, Mrs Bennet is very excitable and pronounces her fondness for red coats when she was Lydias age. This declaration of her affection is quite send awayearing and reveals Mrs Bennets younger side. Mrs Bennet and Lydia ar the pinnacles of the kind of characters who talk far too much and fuss about silly things. An example demonstrating this aspect of her character is how Mrs Bennet does not worry herself with the moral consequences of Lydias infamous elopement but fusses about trivial, frivolous things much(prenominal) as wedding clothes and w here the best warehouses are.This also demonstrates her tomfoolery and wishing of insight into human nature which pr tear downts her from realising how close Mrs Bingley comes to being outright rude. She believes that Mr Bingleys sisters were charming women. Then goes on to comment, I never in my animation saw anything more elegant then their dresses. Apart from being utterly wrong about them, she demonstrates perfectly her superficiality. She obviously is taken with the sisters because she sees them dressed incredibly ornately, and agnises how copious they are, fogging her view of their personality.From the very beginning of the novel, Mrs Bennet comes across as a woman obsessed about marriage. The first thus fart in the entire al-Quran is Mrs Bennet gossiping about a young man of good fortune, Mr Bingley, who has just moved into the area. Mrs Bennet is already planning for one of her daughters to marry Mr Bingley, yet though she has never met him and doesnt know anything about him apart from the he is a single man of large fortune four or five thousand a year. She says, What a fine thing for our girls This clearly shows that Mrs Bennet aims to get her daughters married to wealthy men, not minding if her daughters love them or if they are nice people or not.This demonstrates an element of foolishness especially as she of all people should know about the problems of such an unsuccessful marriage. This, along with the evidence of Mrs Bennets silliness seems to suggest that Mr Bennet married Mrs Bennet for convenience and for her looks rather than for love and her personality. Their love-hate relationship relies upon her gullibility and moodiness, and his love of mocking her which keeps Mr him going. Their barely surviving relationship should oblige shown Mrs Bennet the defects of a marriage for money and convenience, but she has in fact not learnt anything. She is so determined that she eventide wants Elizabeth to settle for marrying Mr Collins.Howe ver, her actions could be seen in a very different light. Perhaps it demonstrates her true love for her daughters. Maybe she wants them to marry rich because when Mr Bennet dies they volition not inherit the house or any money because they are girls. The law says that the next male relative has to inherit everything. For this reason Mrs Bennet feels that she needs to define her daughters future, making sure that they are settled.Mrs Bennet cannot accept not having her look and uses the blackmail, you have no compassion for my nerves when she is not granted what she wants. One good example when she uses this excuse is when Mr Bennet refuses to speak to Mr Bingley and invite him over. It is very important to Mrs Bennet that Mr Bingley comes over so that she can try and get one of her daughters married to him. scarcely when Mr Bennet gets in the way of her plan by not visiting Mr Bingley, Mrs Bennet shows that she gets very annoyed. The fickle side of her character is displayed wh en Mr Bennet finally admits that he has seen Bingley. Mrs Bennets mood changes very suddenly and she immediately gets excited and becomes happier. She says, How good it was of you, my dear Mr Bennet, showing that she is superficial and that her feelings quickly change, cheering up at the thought of being able to marry off one of her daughters. Although it could also be seen that she is just a very determined person, whose resolution is to get her daughters married.Her determination, however, is some clips taken a step too far, especially when Jane was invited to Netherfield. Jane requested the carriage to take her to the kingdom, but Mrs Bennet, excited by the chance for Jane to get to know Mr Bingley give away, insisted that she had better go on horseback, because it seemed likely to rain. Mrs Bingley was in fact hoping that it would bewilder to rain, so that Jane would have to stay at Netherfield, therefore having more time to get to know Bingley. Despite her lack of intelligen ce, this shows a very shrewd, scheming side to her character forming a plan to keep Jane at Netherfield. Furthermore, she could even be interpreted as uncaring. When it does indeed start to rain, Mrs Bennets foolishness surfaces, as she comments on it being a lucky idea of hers to have sent Jane on horseback. She shows no regard for Janes health, but on the contrary, smugly praising herself for the success of her cunning plan. On the surface, she does not seem bothered about her daughters health, but is more concerned about the achievement of her lifes aim getting her daughters married. In this respect she seems more aware of her responsibilities as a parent than her husband.Later, she finds out that Jane is unwell, but is not even slightly worried, saying, I am not afraid of her dying. People to not die of trifling colds. She will be taken good care of. Despite her unconcerned exterior, I think it is likely that deep down she really does care about her daughters, even though her nu mber one priority is always to get her daughters married. Evidence of her deep down affection for her daughters is when she goes to Netherfield and would have been very miserable had she found Jane in any danger. Another redeeming feature of Mrs Bennet is that she is loyal, for example when she stuck up for Elizabeth after Mr Darcy had refused to dance with her. She tells Elizabeth to not dance with Darcy next time, even if he asks her. This is perhaps her way of comforting Elizabeth, because she probably understands that Elizabeth must have been offended.From this point onwards, Mrs Bennets impression of Darcy changes completely from being much handsomer than Mr Bingley to being a most disagreeable, horrid man, not at all worth pleasing. Her attitude towards him changes completely, and she forgets that she ever liked him in the first place. This reveals her fickleness and superficial judgement. When she didnt know him, she presumed that he was a really nice person just because she knew he was rich, but just as easily as she formed her first opinion of him, she changed her mind. to the highest degree the end of the novel she once again changes her opinion of Darcy. Although she has disliked him throughout the whole book, declaring that he is so high and so conceited, she is overjoyed at the give-and-take of Elizabeths engagement to him. She again changes her mind starting to really like him. The rest of the family were worried that she had made the wrong decisions about Darcy and may have been oblige to marry him, but Mrs Bennet was not even slightly worried about that. She was just super happy that Elizabeth had found a rich husband, and that she lonesome(prenominal) had two more daughters to get married.Her changeability is also brought to surface through her opinion of Mr Collins. Mr Collins is Mr Bennets closest male relative, and so is bound(p) to inherit Mr Bennets house after his death. According to the law, girls could not inherit anything after their fathers death and so Mr and Mrs Bennet were relying on the fact that they would bear a son. Unfortunately, after conceiving five girls it became obvious that the possibility of having a son was very unlikely, by when it was already too late to start saving money to pay their daughters dowry and provide for them for the future. Mrs Bennet particularly didnt like Mr Collins for this reason, as she blames him for inheriting her house, even though it is not his fault. Even before she has met him or found out anything about him, she has already decided that he is an odious man, out for what he can get.She goes on to say to Mr Bennet, If I had been you, I should have tried long ago to do something or other about it, referring to the fact that his estate has been entailed to Mr Collins. From this, it is apparent that Mrs Bennet blames Mr Bennet for their problems, not being clever enough to understand that it is the law and that there is nothing Mr Bennet could do about it. She procl aims that she hates ill-considered friends, which is very judgemental of her, but when she realises that Mr Collins wants to marry one of her daughters, her attitude completely changes. She is no longer hostile towards him, and forgets about her grudge against him.However, Elizabeth, being much more sensible than her mother, refuses the offer of marriage because she understands that marriages without love do not work. She has seen her mother and father passing their lives, not really understanding each other and sees the defects of such a marriage. This decision agitates Mrs Bennet incredibly, who tells Mr Collins that Elizabeth is a very headstrong, foolish girl and does not know her own interests but I will need her know it. Mrs Bennets is very determined to have Elizabeth marry, and she suspects it would be quite had to get such as opinionated girl a husband. She is sure that she will be able to persuade or force Elizabeth to accept the offer of matrimony and doesnt understand Elizabeth not wanting to marry Mr Collins or that they are incompatible. The way she sees it is that he has money, and will soon inherit Longbourne, so Elizabeth should accept the offer of marriage. This again seems to suggest that she does not care about her daughters happiness but is more consumed with her own security for the future.Mr Collins, having given up on Elizabeth, marries Charlotte Lucas which outrages Mrs Bennet. She irrationally holds Sir William and Lady Lucas responsible for the whole situation, insisting that they must have convinced Elizabeth not to marry Mr Collins, an absurd idea showing how paranoid she is. She often passes blame onto other people, not accepting any responsibility for anything that goes wrong. She is so vexed that she is impulsively rude to Sir William and Lady Lucas, spoiling their friendship because of her jealousy.Another aspect of her character is that she is very unsubtle and rude. Even though she spends most her time trying to find suitor s for her daughters, she generally has the opposite effect and almost drives away suitors entirely. An illustration of her indiscretion is when she visits Jane at Netherfield. She believes that she is being very subtle in hurt Darcy, but in fact she is quite blatant with her insults and gives Darcy the impression that she is very loud in speech, foolish and insensitive.He is also offended by her lack of breeding and dislikes her since their first meeting at the Ball. He was annoyed at the way that Mrs Bennet would make judgements about people even without knowing them. She declares Mr Darcy to be The proudest, most disagreeable man in the world. Without knowing him, Mrs Bennet had already made out his character, which annoyed him greatly. He also didnt like the way that he would talk loudly about other people, thinking that this was insensitive and completely demonstrated her lack of breeding.He also considers her to be very foolish, and in his letter to Elizabeth he wrote that he tried to break Bingley and Jane up because of their class difference. He also commented on the fact that their mother was foolish, and so he could not let Bingley marry Jane.Elizabeth also considers her mother to be an embarrassment and very foolish. She thinks that her mother is insensitive and not very intelligent for example, when she sent Jane to Netherfield on horseback. Elizabeth was extremely worried about Jane and walked all the way to Netherfield to visit her sister. Her mother embarrasses her on many occasions such as when her mother misunderstands Mr Darcys comment on country people and reveals hostility towards him. This shows a lack of breeding and Elizabeth blushes for her mother, trying to change the subject. The extreme diffence in character and sense between Elizabeth and Mrs Bennet makes Mrs Bennet look even more foolish and stupid.Mrs Bennet is like a literary caricature of an interfering matchmaker. Her faults are magnified to excessive proportions, making her ch aracter almost funny and therefore providing comic relief at tense moments in the play. Her role in the play is to be an obstacle which Darcy needs to drown and accept in order to show that he truly loves Elizabeth. This is very difficult for Darcy as she is almost his complete opposite. She is silly, obsessive, hysterical and tactless, but in the end he accepts her because of his love for Elizabeth.In conclusion, Elizabeth, Mr Darcy and the reader may feel that Mrs Bennet is a foolish, insensitive woman, appearing to be loud, superficial and quickly irritated, but as rapidly calmed down. This is because, throughout the novel, Jane Austin allows her more negative aspects to surface at different times throughout the novel by emphasising them through her words and actions. However, I feel that she is in fact a very caring and affectionate mother, who always has her daughters best interests at heart. Yet, this side of her personality is not often portrayed, forcing Mrs Bennet to be s een as an interfering, thoughtless woman.

Discuss how Shakespeare creates a sense of suspense and dramatic tension in Macbeth Essay

Shakespeare wrote Macbeth 400 years ago. The themes of, upset, false dis diarrhoea and illusion, the riddles are caught up and reflected in the enunciation of the play to heighten and improve the ingrained impression that Shakespeare gives off. He spendd dramatic accent in this play to make it more frightening and realistic. He used poetic language and poesy to create this. It would stay in the interview heads, when it was in rhyme, and stand out as he could non use special effects in the cardinal hundreds, like we can today, so he had to do it finished his writing. Shakespeares uses fashion verses reality a lot through The Play Macbeth, to portray Macbeth and lady Macbeth as being nice and courteous on top, but re onlyy be wicked underneath this is brought up a safe deal throughout the play.He would use the super natural and violence instead of special effects. He used the super natural like becharmes in his plays because peck hence were very superstitious and believed that witches had great powers. When the actors would chant on re-create for a spell, the interview might believe something could actually happen which would create tension. If something bad or malefic was almost to happen it would go dark which is scary and if it suddenly went light the audience would no someone good was coming e.g. Banquo. He would use very short and course language to shock the audience in the right places.King James was interested in witches, so he wrote something that would compendium to the top executive. Also it was about the murder of the king which James the 1st would of enjoyed, because it introduces the consequences of what happen if you dare betray a king and in Shakespearean times it was cognise as killing someone who was appointed by god. If the king were going to see it and then other people would rally that it must be good and then go and see it themselves.The queen before James was Elizabeth the 1st. People felt safe with a fond king or qu een. So in Macbeth he shows the importance of kings and queen keeping order and if they were out of order they were punished i.e. death and torture.In act one expression one, the start of this word picture there is thunder and lightning straight away that grabs the audiences attention. This creates a spooky atmosphere, it leave all go dark and they will think something evil is about to happen. Such stirs in the nirvanas were thought to indicate war in kingdoms and so cause bad weather. The witches then appear which will shoot the audience as in Shakespearean times witches were thought to be very powerful and evil. People thought they could communicate with the devil, that they could predict the future, make people ill, kill people from a distance or cause bad weather. They start chanting on stage like in a spell. modal(a) is foul and foul is fair, this means a avocation upon evil to overturn ideas off good and bad too confuse the false appearance with the reality. The witches bring up his inner most desires to the surface and offer them to him on a plate. Each word in the quote begins with an F, which Shakespeare does to make it stick in your head so if it ever comes up again you would remember it because it is a rhyming couplet.In act one scene deuce, the beginning of this scene a very descenty war had just occurred. There is an injured captain who is being helped to safety by Duncans bodyguard. The surrounding would be dead bodies and blood everywhere, which will immediately shock people. The sounds of battle will be in the background that is exciting. They hear about Macbeth before he arrives which adds suspense. Till he unlined him from the nave to thchops and fixed his head upon our battlements. Macbeth wins the battle. The Thane of Cawdor betrayed Duncan and Macbeth happens his title as a lord, it shows if anyone chooses to betray the king they will get killed. Macbeth is then shown as a very strong person as he had just killed a lot of men. Ma cbeth does not k straightway he is the Thane of Cawdor yet in this scene.In Act one scene three, the three witches are talking, again there is thunder as soon as the witches arrive. They ask each other what they fall in accomplished the first witch says shes been killing wine the others talk about how nasty they have been and all there conquests. The audience would be appalled by this and that they could be so evil. Macbeth and Banquo arrive and says so foul and fair a day I have not seen which uses the same words that the witches had used just before, this then cerebrate him to the witches and that he could be evil like them and be capable of killing someone.The witches look in sympathetic and disgusting then make three predictions. One that he is the Thane of Glamis, Two that he is going to be the Thane of Cawdor, and Three that he will be King and that Banquos baberens children will be future kings. The king has already verbalise that he is the Thane of Cawdor, so now the aud ience know that the witches can predict the future, this will scare them, and they now think maybe that he will be King. The witches then disappear so the audience thinks that they must be very powerful because they can vanish, that is something very supernatural and strange.He then later gets honoured Thane of Cawdor. Aside Macbeth says What can the devil speak true? Meaning can the witches really predict the future. Aside means what he is thinking and the alone way to do this is if he says it out loud. He cannot believe it came true. The audience then knows Macbeth is thinking evil thoughts, here is some of Shakespeares usage of appearance Vs reality.Banquo is represented in Macbeth as goodness and kindness. Sort of a voice of reason. He then talks to Macbeth about the danger that there could be acquiring involved with witches and evil. Banquo is also represented by light in the play. If evil is about to happen, when Banquo arrives it will go light as light is thought of as good and darkness as evil.In Act one scene four Macbeth gets the title if Thane of Cawdor and Duncan is very pleased. The old Thane of Cawdor was a traitor to the king and it was burning(prenominal) that the king had someone he trusted like Macbeth who he doesnt know is very untrustworthy. This is also to show you what would happen if you betrayed the king. Stars hide your fires Let not light see my dark and deep desires, this means he is hoping the dark night will hide his evil thoughts to kill the king. As I said light represents good and dark represents bad. So if the stars were out they would be making light and show his thoughtsIn Act One scene, straight from the beginning maam Macbeth is reading a letter out loud, this is called a soliloquy, and she does this so the audience can hear her. As soon as she has read the letter from Macbeth which told her about what had happened with the witches, and how he was the Thane of Cawdor, she started to think about how herself and Macbeth c ould kill the king. In those days it was thought as unbelievably evil for a women to have such vile thoughts as they were supposed to be innocent.She is then concerned that Macbeth is not brave enough to kill the king, the audience are then in suspense over whether he will do it or not. So she then has to make sure that she could make him do it, and that she must make herself have no feelings for other human beings except Macbeth. Come you liquor that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here and fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direct cruelty, means she is calling down evil spirits and make her evil. Come to my womens breast and take my milk for gall means breast feeding is supposed to be a lovely natural thing for a women to do and is saying instead that she wants to feed evil.Come thick night and pall thee in the dunnest can of hell, that my keen knife see not the wound it makes, Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark to cry hold, hold, this is saying she wa nts the dark to screen up hell and doesnt want heaven to show her dark thoughts he personifies heaven as a person in this quote. In this play maam Macbeth is a horrible person, she uses very harsh words that would effect the audience and cause tension. They will think when lady Macbeth is calling upon evil spirits that she must be a truly evil person, as the supernatural was considered to be very dangerous and people took it really seriously. Shakespeare uses very sharp wording in this scene, that would shock an audience of that time.Macbeth and dame Macbeth are going to act nice and kind in front of other people so that no one suspects their evil thoughts. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth will appear nice, but in reality be plotting to kill Duncan. At the end of this scene Lady Macbeth says To fudge favour ever is to fear leave the rest to me. This adds excitement and suspense as the audience wonders what she is going to do.In Act One scene sixer Lady Macbeth is prepareting the plan of appearance verses reality into action. King Duncan arrives at the castle where Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are kind and hospitable so not to show any hint of their plan.In Act One scene Seven half of this scene is a soliloquy, often when performing this in a t pepperinessre, the stage would be all around the audience, so the actor wouldnt have to speak so loudly and the audience can see his expressions. Macbeth is feeling vile about his plans to kill the king. Shakespeare uses this method to show the audience what Macbeth is thinking and to show what Macbeths doubts are about murdering Duncan. The audience will now be wondering if he is going to go through with it, or if he is going to back out, this causes great excitement within the audience. Shakespeare uses this technique every so often in the play to show the audience what is going on inside the characters heads.Lady Macbeth, after Macbeth has finished his speech, asked why he has left Duncan and the rest of the party. Macbeth goes on to split up her about his doubts, and that he is Duncans kinsman and he is supposed to be his host and is supposed to trust him. The audience are now waiting to see what Lady Macbeth will say and if she will back out, there is a lot of suspense in the air. She tells him that if he wants to be king he will have to do any thing to get there cat I th adage. She then tries a different tactic and says that he is little of a man and a coward if he cannot do this when you durst do it, then you were a man.Lady Macbeth then says she would rather kill her own child and smear its brains on the floor than go back on her word I have given suck, and know how tender tis to love the babe that milks me I would while it smiling at my face have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you have do to this. Shakespeare uses very strong wording to get through to the audience about how violent she is and evil, that a woman could kill her own child in such a way is horrifying. The Audience is then left in suspense till the next scene, wondering whether Macbeth will go through with it, Shakespeare does this as it keeps the audience hooked. At the end of this scene he uses the rhyming couplet to make the end to that dramatic scene stay in the audiences heads.In Act two scene, from the start there is a lot of tension. Macbeth is very nervous and on march, he is waiting from the sign from Lady Macbeth to go and kill Duncan. The audience will be on the edge of their seats as they are wondering if they are going to get caught or will they get away with it. Amongst all this, Banquo and Fleance turn up, which is has a big relevance, as Banquo knows what the witches said to Macbeth about being king. Also that Banquo is good and kind, and enters the scene with a torch like he take goodness to an evil place by lighting it up There is husbandry in heaven their, candles are all out. Banquo means the heaven have not lit up the sky with st ars and that there is evil about. The audience now think that Macbeth could get caught by Banquo and there is amazing tension rising.They then bump into each other. Banquo asks Macbeth why he is still up as the king has gone to bed. Macbeth is now very worried he is fright he will be caught and is trying to get rid of Banquo as quickly as possible. Banquo then mentions the weird sisters and that he has been having nightmares about them, Macbeth quickly tells him that he will talk about it tomorrow and that he hasnt really thought about it. In Shakespearean times dreams were thought of as prophesy, the audience then think Macbeth is probably going to get caught. Relief sweeps over Macbeth and the audience who are left wondering whether Macbeth is still going to go through with it, as Banquo leaves and all goes dark.Macbeth then sees a dagger hovering in the air before him, the audience will not be able to see this, so Shakespeare uses brilliant sentence structure and wording so they can imagine it is there Is this a dagger I see before me, the impartle toward my hand? Come let me clutch thee Macbeth sees this dagger in front of him and he wonders whether it is a sign as the sharp end of the dagger is pointing toward Duncans room.Proceeding from the heat oppressed mind He thinks it could be a sign to do it now, or it may be a trick and if he went in now he would get caught, he wonders if it is something in his imagination because he is stressed. The audience is then scared as a ghostly figure was known as a work of the devil and evil, so they think that Macbeth is in trouble. The theatre will go dark when this happens to show that evil is happening. Shakespeare leaves the audience on the edge of their seats as in the end Macbeth says The bell invites me. Hear it not Duncan, for it is a knell that summons thee to heaven or to hell Which is also a rhyming coupletIn Act two scene two, Macbeth returns covered in blood, which straight away tells the audience that M acbeth has done it, and this creates excitement and tension. The Conversation amid Lady Macbeth and Macbeth is very quick and sharp, through most of Macbeth, Shakespeare has used ten syllables where as this particular conversation has very few syllables which shows they are nervous. Shakespeare does this to show the audience, as they may not be able to see their facial expressions. Macbeth had kept hold of the bloody daggers instead of leaving them, this creates suspense as they start to think they will be caught. Also every little sound Macbeth jumps at and is jittery.The visual effects in this will be Macbeth and Lady Macbeth covered in blood with daggers in there transfer, the audience would think it was atrocious that they could be covered in a dead mans blood and not really care.Macbeth stars to get very paranoid, that he was seen, or will get caught and is feeling implausibly vile, Still it cried sleep no more to all the house Macbeth is hearing voices and is terrified. Lad y Macbeth is quite calm about what they have just done, this brings up again how foul she could be not to even feel a little guilty about what shes done and must be a vicious human being to think like this you do unbend your noble authorisation to think such brain sickly things. The audience might reckon he is going to turn himself in and get excited.Next there is a knocking at the front door to the castle. This causes outstanding tension the audiences now thinks they are definitely caught and are on the edge of their seats with anticipation. The knocking continues consequently is that knocking? How ist with me, when every noise appals me? The suspense rises, as they are still in their clothes that are covered in blood My hands are of your colour but I shame to wear a heart so white. I hear knocking at the south entry. put on we to our chamber. A little water will clear us of this deed they quickly go to their chamber to change into their night-clothes. This causes dramatic tens ion, as they are so close to getting caught. In the end of this scene Macbeth says Wake Duncan with thy knocking. I would though couldst, this just adds to the last of Macbeths lie and the audience are left in suspense till the next scene to see whether they get caught.ConclusionI conclude that out of all the evidence I have put forward, that Shakespeares main dramatic techniques are his language, sentence and word structure that he uses very well throughout the play. This makes it more exciting for the audience, as they did not have special effects then, thus he has to do it through his writing, so the audience can understand and imagine, which he does very effectively in the Acts and scenes that we studied. Him using the supernatural was a really good idea, as that is what appealed to King James and the audience at that period of time. It also scared them and kept them on the edge of their seats. The witches and supernatural in this play make it what it is and is a very important part because most of the suspense and tension is based on that.

Gender roles Essay

Gender roles refer to the set of social, attitudinal and behavioral roles, norms and expectations that, within a definite culture, argon also formally or informally required or widely measured to be socially appropriate for persons of a precise gender identity.They are constructed for a variety of genders in order to enrapture their energies towards some socially intended goals, which are either frequently shared or affixed from some(prenominal) of the experimental differences in behaviors, attitudes and personalities, amid various genders, come naturally, a lot of of these characteristics are, either in part or wholly, socially constructed, therefore, a product of socialization experiences.Qualities of a meticulous gender identity do not need to be imposed through rules and norms, while artificial roles have to be carry out on people through appear some kind of psycho-social mechanism. Gender roles of a particular call forth may not always be in accordance with the normal or bi ological traits of that gender, and they may turn out to be too strict or constricting so as to cause in the oppressiveness of that gender.This is because of the potential of the gender roles to manage the behavior of people that these roles have been tremendously politicized and manipulated with the ruling forces, for several millenniums now, resulting in severe oppression of every gender of humans. Gender has numerous valid definitions, but its here in reference to an individuals inside sex or psychological sense of being a male or womanly irrespective of ones (outer) sex identity as ascertain ones sexual organs.We find three major genders masculine (inner male identity), feminine (inner female identity) and neutral (a balance of inner male and female identity). In conclusion gender roles of women have been enforced on them through force, and have thus been extra visible. Men gender roles are difficult to enforce but are indirectly enforced. References Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review 352-365. Connell, Robert William Gender and Power, Cambridge University Press 1987.

Machiavelli’s The Prince

Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian historian, supposesman and a semipolitical philospher. He was born on May 3, 1469 in Florence. He first entered the government service as a clerk and became full-grown in 1498 when Florentine was proclaimed as a Re commonplace. (Kemerling, 2006) Machiavelli was engaged into differen diplomatic missions and because of these missions, he met a serve up of Italian rulers and studied their political tactics. After a long time of public service, the republic collapsed and he was driven from his post.It was in 1513 when he wrote The Prince, hoping that he displace secure the favor the Medici family, thye govern family in Florence that time. He addresed this to an Italian prince which is from the Medici family. (Encarta, 2007) The Prince is concerned with different principles that founded a state, hence, he described the method on how a prince can acquire and maintain his political power. He also stated in this prevail his belief that a ruler should not be bound by traditional ethical norms. (Kemerling, 2006) During the Renaissance, there were new attitudes toward politics that accompanies the new forms of political organizations.Huamnists stated that progress of a place should be intrinsic and no-religious. Machiavellis The Prince tried to nonplus a base for the art of governance not depending on Christian principles simply on science. In 16th century, he focused more on how to preserve a state and these ideas were refrlected in The prince and became character of the political environment. This new political perspective appeared not only in Italy exactly also in the monarchies of the North and were introduced in different writings. Although it was not universally accepted, it was recognized during Renaissance and changed the political thinking. (Encarta, 2007)ReferencesNiccolo Machiavelli. retrieved April 28, 2008. http/www.philosophypages.com/ph/macv.htmNiccolo Machiavelli.(2007). retrieved April 28, 2008. Microsoft E ncarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. http//encarta.ms.com.Machiavellis The PrinceNiccolo Machiavelli was an Italian historian, statesman and a political philospher. He was born on May 3, 1469 in Florence. He first entered the government service as a clerk and became prominent in 1498 when Florentine was proclaimed as a Republic. (Kemerling, 2006) Machiavelli was engaged into differen diplomatic missions and because of these missions, he met a lot of Italian rulers and studied their political tactics. After a long time of public service, the republic collapsed and he was driven from his post.It was in 1513 when he wrote The Prince, hoping that he can secure the favor the Medici family, thye ruling family in Florence that time. He addresed this to an Italian prince which is from the Medici family. (Encarta, 2007) The Prince is concerned with different principles that founded a state, hence, he described the method on how a prince can acquire and maintain his political power. He also state d in this book his belief that a ruler should not be bound by traditional ethical norms. (Kemerling, 2006) During the Renaissance, there were new attitudes toward politics that accompanies the new forms of political organizations.Huamnists stated that progress of a place should be natural and no-religious. Machiavellis The Prince tried to find a base for the art of governance not depending on Christian principles but on science. In 16th century, he focused more on how to preserve a state and these ideas were refrlected in The prince and became part of the political environment. This new political perspective appeared not only in Italy but also in the monarchies of the North and were introduced in different writings. Although it was not universally accepted, it was recognized during Renaissance and changed the political thinking. (Encarta, 2007)

Esf Function #8

Executive Summary Introduction to unavoidableness Management Taylor Carl Mr. Jonathon Johnson October 12, 2012 The Emergency Support perish 8 (ESF 8) from FEMA details digest services related to exoteric health and medical checkup services. The primary substance in control of ESF 8 is the department of Health and Human Services.They are responsible for providing care during a public health and medical misfortune, potential or actual incident requiring a arrayd national repartee, and/or during a developing potential health and medical emergency, (2008, FEMA, p. 1). Assistance for medical inescapably covers mental and behavioural health as wells as substance abuse.Assistance is provided in the following spunk function areas under ESF 8 assessment of public health/medical needs, health surve laid up(predicate)ance, medical reverence staff office, health/medical/veterinary equipment and supplies, patient evacuation, patient care, safety and security of drugs, biologics, and medical devices, inventory and snag products, food safety and security, agriculture safety and security, all(a)-hazard public health and medical consultation, technical assist and support, behavioral health care, public health and medical information, vector control, potable water/ drive offwater and solid waste disposal, mass fatality management, victim identification, and decontaminating remains, and veterinary medical support (2008, FEMA, p. 1-2). All Federal responses are handled by the Secretary of Health and Human Services by dint of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and repartee (ASPR).The Secretary is also in charge of the assets during a public health emergency with exception of the section of the Armed Forces. They are responsible for coordinating all preparedness, response, and recovery actions consistent with all internal policies and procedures of the plane section of Health and Human Services. Once support agencies receive instructions f rom the Secretary, they are responsible for controlling their resources. The Emergency Management Group (EMG) is responsible for handling the ESF 8 response for the ASPR and moldiness remain in unbroken contact with the National Operations concentrate (NOC). All organizations involved in response operations must report public health and medical requirements to their appropriate representative.These representatives are stationed in the National Response Coordination essence (NRCC), the Regional Response Coordination Center (RRCC), and the Joint Field Office (JFO). A Joint Information Center (JIC) forget be established to coordinate incident-related public information, (2008, FEMA, p. 2). The JIC is able to release information to the public in regards to general medical and public health response. For community issues, a recognized spokesperson will issue communications when possible. Should there be a zoonotic disease outbreak, ESF 8 must coordinate with ESF 11 (Agriculture and Natural Resources). Public information may be released after consultation with the US Department of Agriculture (USDA).During a oil, chemical, biological, or radiological environmental contamination, ESF 8 must coordinate with ESF 10 (Oil and uncivilised Materials) to release information. When action is needed, the ASPR alerts HHS personnel. The ASPR may also request personnel for liaison communications at the HHS furnish command locations. The ESF 8 staff stationed in the RRCC and JFO will conduct a take chances analysis, evaluate, and determine the cleverness required to meet the mission objective and provide required public health and medical support assistance to the appropriate parties (2008, FEMA, p. 3). During initial activation, HHS will coordinate conference calls with supporting agencies to discuss and determine response actions.During the assessment process, HHS working with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), mobilizes and deploys ESF 8 personnel. During surve illance, HHS monitors public health using celestial sphere studies and investigations, monitors disease patterns and potential outbreaks, performs blood and blood product vigilance along with monitoring blood deliver levels, and provides technical assistance and consultation on disease legal community. Immediate medical responses are handled by HHSs internal assets. While most equipment and supplies are deployed from the Strategic National express (SNS), the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Veterans affairs (VA) may also provide them to health care facilities in a disaster area.Should there be a need a veterinary supplies, assets may be requested from the National Veterinary Stockpile (2008, FEMA, p. 4-5). During an emergency situation, ESF 8 is charged with transporting those seriously ill or injured patients, and medical needs world to designated areas. They may request the assistance of the DOD, VA, or FEMA. When patients are not necessarily in a disaster area but still r equire evacuation assistance, ESF 8 provides personnel for medical services through civil service staff, US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, regional offices, and States. ESF 8 must ensure safety and security of drugs, biologics, and medical devices.Biologics, including blood, blood products, organs, and vaccines, must be monitored to ensure availability and safety. federally regulated foods must meet safety and security requirements monitored by ESF 8 and ESF 11. This authority is extended to all domestic and imported foods except meat, poultry, and egg products. In addition, ESF 8 and ESF 11 must ensure the health and safety of food-producing animals(2008, FEMA, p. 5-6). Worker Safety and Health is led by the Department of Labor (DOL). ESF 8/HHS acts a support agency. ESF 8 may require assistance from regional offices in assessing public health, medical, and veterinary medical effects resulting from all hazards, (2008, FEMA, p. 6).This may include assessments on the gene ral public and high-risk population groups, theatre of operations investigations, providing advice on gay and animal exposures, advice on indirect exposures such as food, water, and drug contamination, and providing technical assistance and consultation on medical treatment, screening, and decontamination of injured or contaminated individuals, (2008, FEMA, p. 6). Behavioral health care is handled by ESF 8 and partner organizations to assess mental health and substance abuse needs. This may include emotional, mental, psychological first aid, behavioral, or cognitive limitations requiring assistance or supervision, (2008, FEMA, p. 7).ESF 8 provides public health, disease, and injury prevention information to the public in multiple languages and formations for those with limited English proficiency or learning disabilities. ESF 8 flora with other partner organizations to assess and handle vector-borne disease threats. This includes research and investigation, equipment and supplie s, and providing technical assistance and consultation. ESF 8 assists in potable water, wastewater, and solid waste disposal. This includes examining contaminated water for public health effects. ESF 8 whole kit and caboodle with partner organizations track and document human remains, including reducing hazards associated with contaminated remains.They may set up flying morgue facilities, determine the cause of death, collect phase modulation information, use scientific means to identify human remains, and provide technical assistance and consultation. They may request assistance from partner organizations to provide support to families of victims during the postmortem process (2008, FEMA, p. 7). ESF 8 works closely with ESF 11 to provide veterinary medical support. This may include caring for research animals when ESF 11 does not have the expertise. They must protect the health of livestock and affiliate services animals by ensuring safety of food and drugs administered (2008, FEMA, p. 8). ESF 8 requires numerous support agencies to be fully functional. The HHS works closely with the USDA for personnel, supplies, and equipment.They also assist with nutrition, outbreak control of animal disease, and food safety. The DOD performs many functions for ESF 8. They provide support for patient evacuation, logistical support to public health/medical response operations, personnel for casualty clearing, patient reception and tracking, personnel for protection of public health, emergency medical support, managing humaning remains, evaluation and risk management, and provide blood products (2008, FEMA, p. 10-11). The DHS helps with ESF 8 by providing communication support, offering transportation support if necessary, providing hazard predictions relating to atmospheric releases, and enforcing international quarantines.FEMA assists with mobilization centers, transport of resources, emergency food and water supplies, equipment and medical supplies, and transportatio n of patients considered too ill or incapable of general evacuation (2008, FEMA, p. 12-13). The HHS must ensure proper staffing to coordinate efforts for medical assistance to an affected area. They must support and assist State, tribal, and local communities in an emergency. Their primary duties include monitoring blood and blood supplies, forming liaisons for communications, coordinating patient evacuation, and working with the USDA to ensure food safety. REFERENCES Emergency Support economic consumption 8 Public Health and Medical Services Annex. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Retrieved from www. fema. gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esf-08. pdf

Baghban Essay

The tier revolves around a family where the p atomic number 18nts have spent all the earnings plus provident fund on their children.. their study and for their settlement. But once the children(boys) are own their own and with their families they forget that they have some function towards their parents too, because the parents do not have a pension to fall back upon. The children are quit turn over the thought that they have to now look after their parents and keep them along with them.They feel them as a burden and plan to SHARE them. This comes as a shock to the parents who agree with the decision interpreted by the children in a very supportive way,. though in heart of hearts they are very disturbed. Now here we come to the conclusion friends are better than relations because at this union of their lives friends givemoral supportin this crucial period when the parents are separated .. one living with one son and the mother living with the other son.Their small requirements a re not met with and the mother is seen as a spoilsport and nagger. The father finds unattackable company in a restaurant owner couple who pay him for the work of accounts he unknowingly does for them. Then help comesfrom their surrogate son whom the couple had sent abroad for higher studies. He gives them their delinquent in the form of gifting them the house they lived in all their life and by also gifting them the love and wonder that they deserve as parents. This opens the eyes of their own sons and they show repentance.

The Marginal Population Of Mumbai Health And Social Care Essay

The radical tries to give an acumen about(predicate) the exclusion of the un discernable population in Mumbai by a peculiar wellness outline use in the province of Maharashtra. The paper overly highlights some of the issues faced by this peculiar meeting from the experience of the field as a pupil social actor The chief statement of this paper is the usage of specific standards in placing donees for the strategy which is already problematical and has been contested by many intellectuals in India thereby excepting meriting donees which is beyond the purpose a cosmos economic aid province.Introduction Welf be province is a pee of authorities in which the province plays a cardinal function in the protection and publicity of the scotch and societal wellbeing of its citizens. It is based on the rules of equality of chance, just distri howeverion of wealth, and public duty for those futile to avail themselves of the minimum commissariats for a good bread and butter ( Begin nings hypertext transfer protocol //www.britannica.com ) . The Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences describes a public helper province as a province which takes up the duty to supply a minimal criterion of subsistence to its citizens. Therefore, in a public assistance province, the disposal enters into economic, political, societal and educational life of soulfulnesss. And it provides services to someones, right from an person s birth to decease ( Social Welfare Administration Concept, character and Scope, moodle.tiss.edu ) . In a public assistance province, the province takes the duty to function the aged, ill, orphans, widows, help little, oppressed and the handicapped multitude whenever they are in demand of services. As a public assistance province the province implements motley public assistance strategies for the citizens at big. The public assistance province typic every last(predicate)y includes proviso of wellness services, canonic instruction, and lodge ( in some inst ances at low cost or turn of charge ) and so on for the populace at big. When we talk about a public assistance province, the policies are inclusive of Torahs, directive, and preparedness in the Fieldss of employment, r tear downue enhancement, societal redress and societal aid and population policy etc.The innovative usage of the term public assistance province is coupled with the wide-ranging steps of societal insurance adopted in 1948 by Britain on the footing of the study on Social Insurance and assort ServicesA ( 1942 ) . In the twentieth century, as the earlier construct of the inert individualistic province was steadily abandoned, about only provinces ( in the western states ) sought to supply at least some of the steps of societal insurance associated with the rules of public assistance province. Therefore, in the United rural areas came up with theA New Deal A of chairman Franklin D. Roosevelt, and theA Fair Deal A of President Harry S. Truman, and a big portio n of the domestic plans of covert presidents were based on the rules of the public assistance province ( Beginnings hypertext transfer protocol //www.britannica.com ) .During the nip off of British canon in India, from the premature nineteenth century gutter India s independency, the welfare-political sphere of India has witnessed the formation of a great trade of societal motions, rooted from distinguishable, and aggressively divided societal categories like the dramatis personae and, subsequently on, spiritual communities of that clipping who resentfully opposed the active badgering province of societal personal businesss ( Aspalter 2003 ) . Though it was excessively early to believe about societal security administration programs and other meaningful societal policy steps, during the British ordination in India, the Government did establish a series of societal policy statute law which concentrate chiefly on the decrease of societal diswelfare instead than the construct of new signifiers of public assistance plans and ordinances ( Aspalter 2003 ) . During that clip Social statute law, aimed at the stoping of harmful societal patterns and societal inequalities, patterns like kid matrimony, limitation on widow rhenium matrimony, cast based favoritism etc.By presenting the first societal security statute law of modern India, Workmen s Compensation Act 1923 the Indian societal security system made the first of import measure in way of a notable public assistance system. The act has proviso for compensation for accidents taking to decease, or entire or partial disability for more than three yearss, if the accident occurred in the class of employment, compensation for occupational disease etc ( Chowdhry 1985, Cited in Aspalter 2003, pp. 156-157 ) . The period interest the divider, the Indian authorities passed a series of new Torahs with respect to labour and societal public assistance, even before the operation of the new fundamental law in 1950 ( Goe l and Jain 1988, Cited in Aspalter 2003, pp 169-160 ) . After 1950, the Indian authorities of India undertook many attempts in the field of societal security ( Aspalter 2003 ) , Over the old ages the authorities established, in add-on, illness insurance, a pension program, pregnancy benefits, particular disablement benefits, infirmary leave, a productivity-linked fillip strategy, motley decreases of lodging, electricity, and H2O rates, a deposit-linked insurance strategy ( which functions similar to a life insurance ) , and death-cum-retirement tip for cardinal number Government employees. Employees of public sector projects and other independent organisations may gain from Employees State Insurance, Employees Family Pension Scheme, lodging benefits, particular societal aid strategies for handicapped individuals, widows, dependent kids, etc ( Aspalter 2003 ) .Till now India has witnessed assorted strategies, policies, ordinances and statute laws etc aimed at the public assistance of its citizens, the lone inquiry remains is that how the province has been able to turn this policies into world, inclusive of all citizens of the state particularly the marginal s. The ulterior portion of this paper lead seek to critically see a wellness strategy launched in the State of Maharashtra meant of the poorer subdivision of the society which aims at supplying free wellness strategies to BPL domiciles. It will be chiefly based on unrecorded experience from the Fieldss as a pupil Social Worker.Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana ( RGJAY )The Maharashtra authorities launched the Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayi Arogya Yojana on 18th December 2011 with the purpose to enable households with one-year income of less than Rs. 1 million rupees to avail free medical initiations deserving Rs. 1.5 million. The Maharashtra province Health Minister Suresh Shetty inform that said strategy, when to the full implemented, would profit close to 2.5 billion households ( The Hindu, 19 Dec. 20 11 ) . The strategy will be implemented throughout the province of Maharashtra in phased mode for a period of 3 old ages. The strategy covers 8 territory of the province boulder clay now ( Gadchiroli, Amravati, Nanded, Sholapur, Dhule, Raigad, Mumbai and Suburbs ) .The strategy is aimed at go againsting medical entree installation for both BPL and APL households which will in bend enhance the quality of medical attention to BPL and APL households. The donees will all(prenominal) acquire a wellness insurance policy and the EMIs of which will be paid by the State authorities. The strategy will widen quality medical attention for identified forte services, necessitating hospitalization for surgeries and therapies or audiences, through an identified network of wellness attention suppliers. The Scheme will supply coverage for conk intoing all disbursals associating to hospitalization of the beneficiary up to Rs. 1, 50,000/- per household per twelvemonth in any of the Empanelled Hospi tal motion to Box Ratess on cashless footing through Health cards or valid Orange/ color Ration Card. The benefit shall be operational to each and every member of the household on musca volitans footing i.e. the entire one-year coverage of 1.5 million rupees can be availed by one person or jointly by all members of the household. The Scheme will cover the full cost of encumbrance of the persevering role from day of the month of describing to his discharge from infirmary including complications if any, doing the dealing genuinely cashless to the patient. In case of decease, the rider car of dead organic structure from web infirmary to the village/township would besides be portion of bundle. The Network Hospitals will besides supply free follow-up audience, nosologies, and medical specialties under the strategy up to 10 yearss from the day of the month of discharge. A When the beneficiary visits the selected web infirmary and services of selected web infirmary, harmonizing to the strategy shall be made available ( Capable to handiness of beds ) . In case of non- handiness of beds at web infirmary, the installation of cross referral to nearest another Network infirmary is to be made available and Arogyamitra ( the staff covering with the said strategy in a web infirmary ) will besides supply the donee with the list of nearby web infirmaries.All eligible households in the enforced territories will be provided with Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana Health Cards though this has non implemented wholly till now.For the clip being till the issue of wellness cards, the valid Orange/Yellow Ration Card with Aadhaar figure or, any mental picture ID card of beneficiary ( if Aadhaar figure is non available ) issued by Government bureaus ( Driving License, Election ID, ) to correlate the patient name and icon is accepted in stead of wellness card to avail the benefits by a donee. The Health Cards to be issued will be used for the intent of placing beneficiary hous eholds in the household under the said Scheme. The Family Health Cards will be issued by utilizing informations from valid Yellow or Orange ration cards coupled with Aadhaar Numberss issued by UID governments.Till now from July 2nd 2012 there is 78919 households throw been registered under this strategy and 154571 patients have been benefited. Total of 43503 surgeries/therapies has been performed including both authorities and private infirmaries.( Beginnings hypertext transfer protocol //www.jeevandayee.gov.in )The borderline population of Mumbai and the RGJAYOne-half of the population in Mumbai is either homeless or lives in informal or semitrailer lasting lodging. Harmonizing to the 2001 nose count of India, out of 11.9 million people populating in the metropolis, 5.8 million people lives in shanty towns or slums or on pavings ( Levinson, 2004 ) . A turning figure ofA migrantsA looking for employment and better life criterions are rapidly fall ining Mumbai s stateless populati on. nongovernmental organizationsA are assisting to alleviate the homelessness crisis in Mumbai, but these organisations are non plenty to work out the full job. And there are less figure of NGO s works with this population with respect to wellness issues of this peculiar population. As I have been working with this population since the beginning of the MA class in TISS, I have some basal pinch of this peculiar population and their issues with wellness and entree to wellness attention.Health attention for stateless people or people in destitution is a major public wellness challenge in Mumbai. They are more likely to endure hurts and medical jobs because their life style on the street, which besides includes hapless nutrition, exposure to extreme conditions conditions, and a higher opportunity of indulging in force and dependence to chemical agency and alcohol addiction. Yet at the same clip, they have small or no entree to public medical services. Many a times working as a pupil societal worker at the bureau where I have been placed, had to reason with hospital governments to acquire a street patient admitted. Unless they are non accompanied by any 3rd party ( NGO or the Police ) the infirmaries tho admits them. They are denied of basic installations of wellness attention. This peculiar population frequently finds troubles in keeping their paperss like individualisation cogent evidence paperss, Because stateless people normally have no topographic point at all to hive away their ownerships, they often lose their ownerships, including their grant and other paperss, or happen them washed-up by constabulary or BMC which is really common in Mumbai. One a young person from Murti Galli, Khar route narrated me how he lost his paperss in Mumbai inundations, 2006. Many times they are chased off from the railway system platforms, foot waies etc. Without an ID cogent evidence, they are denied to entree many societal services schemes. Many do non possess basic ci tizenship cards, like elector s ID, ration cards etc. Sing at the scope of exposures that this peculiar population faces and their issues with wellness, I have the sentiment that they should be the precedence as a mark group in any public assistance strategies.As a typical societal public assistance strategy RGJAY has neglected this peculiar unseeable population by utilizing a debatable standard to aim population Within India, there has been turning controversy around the appraisal of leanness, oddly in the period of economic reforms. First, there are relentless dissensions among economic experts on whether the rate of poorness diminution after economic reforms was slower than in the preceding period. Second, the displacement to targeted, instead than universal, public assistance strategies has witnessed the usage of poorness estimations to make up ones mind on the figure of families eligible to entree these strategies ( Ramakumar 2010 ) . The appraisal of poorness in India is co ntroversial, with many committees coming up with different poorness lines. Errors of incorrect exclusion in targeted programmes in India are due to the separation of the procedures of ( a ) the appraisal of the figure of hapless and ( B ) the designation of the hapless. It is for the absence of a dependable and executable method of uniting appraisal and designation that political and societal motions have been demanding the universalisation of public assistance strategies like the PDS ( Ramakumar 2010 ) .The RGJAY has besides used the undependable BPL/APL cards to place the donees excepting many of the population who needs such strategy the most. It s high clip the authorities as a public assistance province device new aiming system for public assistance strategies which is inclusive of all the fringy and unseeable population, they are the 1 who needs such intercession the most, or universalise basic public assistance strategies with respect to wellness, nutrients and support etc .